Book Studies at Smith College

It's hard to imagine that today's undergraduates, who have used technology all their lives, would be interested in studying the book as an object. Are book studies relevant in the era of the Kindle, the Nook, etc.? Smith College, my alma mater, answers this question in the affirmative with its concentration on Book Studies. As a budding librarian during my college years, I would have loved to have had the opportunity to take classes on "the history, art and technology of the 'book.'" I eventually did just this while pursuing my M.L.S. at Columbia's now-defunct School of Library Service--my favorite course was the History of the Printed Book, taught by Professor Terry Belanger, a well-known expert on the subject. Smith's offerings on book studies go way beyond anything available at Columbia. According to the website, the concentration "connects students with the exceptional resources of [Smith's] Mortimer Rare Book Room and the wealth of book artists and craftspeople of the Pioneer Valley." Students take courses at Smith and at the other schools that are part of the Five College consortium. They learn about book design, binding, paper, publishing, printing, libraries, rare books and manuscripts. All students in the concentration are required to undertake a "practical learning experience" or internship related to book studies. Students are encouraged to think about "radical new forms of typography, illustration and links to other media," and to ponder whether "electronic books [will] eventually unite the beauty and clarity of the forms that precede them with new possibilities as yet unimagined?"

The illustration for this blog post shows Martin Antonetti, Smith College's Curator of Rare Books, during an instructional session in the Mortimer Rare Book Room.

E-book Market Shake-up as Justice Pursues Anti-Trust

The New York Times reports that the Justice Department has filed suit against Apple and six publishers of e-books on anti-trust grounds that they colluded to set pricing. Attorney General Eric Holder alleges that the group met at expensive restaurants and "double deleted" e-mails in an attempt to hide their efforts to fight back against Amazon.com's low pricing of e-books. Led by former Apple boss Steve Jobs, they agreed to set their e-book prices for the iPad between about $12.99 and $14.99 compared with the typical $9.99 Amazon e-book Kindle price. Using the popularity of the iPad, the group hoped to fight back against the low prices driven by Kindle's popularity and Amazon's pricing.

The complaint alleges that the collusion caused

“consumers to pay tens of millions of dollars more for e-books than they otherwise would have paid.”

Three publishers that were investigated, the Hachette Book Group, Simon & Schuster and HarperCollins, have already agreed to a settlement that will most likely overturn their pricing model. Macmillan and Penguin Group USA, which were also named in the suit, have not settled. ... The publishers who have settled are required to end their e-book contracts with Apple and any other retailer with a “most favored nation clause,” which says that no other retailer can sell e-books for a lower price. For two years, the publishers are also prohibited from restricting any retailer’s ability to discount e-books.

Amazon appears poised to lower the prices for its e-books even further, which should be further pressure on the remaining competitors in the marketplace. There is a companion article in the Times about this, and concerns by some business analysts that Justice may be inadvertently setting up Amazon as a true monopoly in the e-book market.

Firestorm in Massachusetts over Judicial Independence

District Attorney Dan Conley has long complained that trial judge Raymond G. Dougan is biased for the defense. Now, spurred by his complaints, and probably by coverage of his complaints in the press, the Massachusetts Commission on Judicial Conduct (CJC) has taken up the case. They are undertaking an unprecedented investigation of Judge Dougan. Usually, when the CJC investigates a judge, they are looking at unprofessional behavior of some sort. In this case, instead, an aggravated DA has pulled together a list of 25 or so cases that make Judge Dougan look, (at least to the public), biased against the prosecution. He has persuaded the CJC that this list of cases merits their investigation of Judge Dougan's 21 years on the bench.

The investigation has triggered a firestorm here in the Commonwealth, and head scratching, at least beyond. Judge Dougan has petitioned the Supreme Judicial Court (our top tier court) to bar the investigation. As far as anybody can tell, this is the first time in the 34 year history of the CJC that a judge under investigation has challenged its authority to investigate.

J. William Codinha, the special counsel leading the year-long investigation of Dougan, said it would set a bad precedent to allow Dougan to escape questioning. In a state where judges are appointed for life and do not have to retire until age 70, said Codinha, the commission is the only agency that can hold judges accountable for their actions.

If Dougan succeeds, “no sitting judge need ever remain truly impartial, for he may not be asked under oath if he is, and any improper bias or influence can remain safely concealed,’’ Codinha wrote in his memo to the court.

(from http://boston.com link above and an article in the Boston Globe)

But many people are echoing Judge Dougan's challenge to that investigation. The Massachusetts defense bar, is rallying to Judge Dougan's defense (don't laugh). In a post in the local legal blog, Massachusetts DUI Lawyers Blog, Benjamin P. Urbelis wrote

Conley mounted an unprecedented attack on the judge, having each of his Assistant District Attorneys who stands before the judge in a criminal case ask his honor to recuse himself on the grounds that he cannot be fair. (As a former prosecutor, I can say that this puts the young ADA in an extremely uncomfortable and difficult position). Conley took his cause even further when he asked the Judicial Conduct Commission and the Supreme Judicial Court to prevent Dougan from hearing criminal cases altogether.

Within days, the Massachusetts Defense Bar appropriately fired back, outraged by DA Conley's recent actions, which they call an attempt to intimidate judges.

Some judges are prosecutor-friendly, some judges are defense-friendly. That's the nature of our criminal justice system. Judges are expected to use their legal education, life experience, legal experience, and judicial experience to apply the law and ensure justice. Judges are human and will differ in the manner in which they handle and rule on cases. Case law is created when judges issue "Opinions." The extreme position that Judge Dougan is biased and a threat to our public safety could also be said of several judges that Massachusetts defense attorneys would love to remove from the bench; but we understand that it is not our job, nor our right, to do so.

(from MA. DUI Lawyers Blog)

Others defend Judge Dougan:

“I think the judge has an explanation, a good, solid explanation for any of the matters that are raised in that particular motion,” [Conley's motion to the CJC] said Michael Keating, the attorney for Judge Dougan. Keating says the district attorney’s motion mentions 25 or so instances out of some 50,000 cases that the judge has presided over. As a judge, Dougan acted within his discretion and independence, Keating says. But despite the challenge to his reputation, “he is precluded from giving that explanation under the code of judicial conduct.”

To support its claims of bias and unlawful actions, the district attorney, who declined to talk with us, points to the frequency with which the judge’s decisions have been appealed by the prosecution or overturned by the Appeals Court. He leads all judges in Boston’s district courts.

But defense attorney and author Harvey Silverglate says reversals and appeals don’t tell the story, especially with experienced judges familiar with the problems of evidence from police.

“District attorneys get very upset when there’s a judge on the bench who actually understands how the system works on the street,” Silverglate said. “They call that bias, but in fact it’s not. It’s simply an increased level of sophistication that certain judges have about how the system works.”

(from http://www.wbur.org/2011/04/20/conley-dougan )

Nancy Gertner, a retired US judge now teaching at Harvard Law School, has been a vociferous supporter of Dougan. “Here’s the thing: Judges are already held accountable,’’ she said. “They’re held accountable on appeal. This is an attack on someone whose opinions you disagree with.’’

She also made reference to an independent judiciary. She believes this investigation is bad news for independent-minded judges. “The idea that this will have no bearing on judicial independence is absurd,’’ she said. “I’ve literally never heard of a case where a judge is being investigated for the content of his decisions.’’

(from Adrian Walker, "Judging the Judge", column in the Boston Globe, April 9, 2012)

The shocking part of this story is that the Judicial Conduct Commission did not dismiss the complaint out of hand. Judge Dougan has had to ask the Supreme Judicial Court to intervene to block the JCC from requiring him to submit to questioning about his decisions. Really, there aren’t enough adjectives for how bad this is. Judges make decisions. That’s what they do. And every decision will leave someone unhappy and feeling like the judge was biased. To my knowledge, no judge has ever been required to explain himself absent some form of misconduct like having an undisclosed interest or ex parte communication.

Conley was able to assemble a list of cases that make Judge Dougan look bad, and to the lay observer, they certainly do. The judge did release a defendant before trial with horrifying results. But for crying out loud, we don’t pig pile on a judge for locking up a defendant who is later acquitted. Should we go after judges whose convictions are later reversed on appeal? Mr. Conley may not lose any sleep over the possibility that an innocent person will be convicted when a judge sleeps through the trial, but the rest of us rely on the judicial branch to thoroughly test the prosecution’s case. (snip)

I wonder if Mr. Conley would answer honestly if asked whether any judges are biased in his favor. It’s not a secret in the trenches. ADAs don’t even need to spell it out. After I rejected the offer of a plea deal, one young ADA was hugely amused. “A trial?” he chortled. “You’re going to try this to Judge X? Don’t come here often, do you?” Trying cases to some judges is just a slower way to plead guilty. Does Mr. Conley think his assistants should ask these judges to recuse themselves?

I am disappointed in Mr. Conley for acting like an uneducated hypocritical crybaby, but my real disgust is reserved for the Judicial Conduct Commission. How many complaints of bias (mostly brought by non-lawyers who don’t understand the concept of judicial independence) has the Commission dismissed with a form letter explaining that a claim of bias, without more, cannot be investigated? If the JCC did not have the courage to tell Mr. Conley to put on his big boy underpants, I surely hope the Supreme Judicial Court will.

(from Cambridge attorney Lowry Heussler, posting at SameFacts blog on April 7, 2012, "Dan Conley: much worse than a sore loser".

Kudos to CALI

The last webinar of Topics in Digital Law Practice (TDLP), CALI's free online course, was presented on Friday. The course was nine weeks long, with each webinar lasting approximately one hour. I have to confess that unless a webinar is compelling, I tend to tune out, figuratively if not literally, before the end. That did not happen during the TDLP presentations. I even went back and listened to some of them again after they were archived on the course website. In short, TDLP was a good investment of my time.

A new topic was covered each week, and there was a different speaker each time, but the course content built on the fact that technology is changing the practice of law, and the change is far reaching and irreversible. It was essentially a crash course in twenty-first-century legal practice. These were the subjects we covered: Virtual Law Practice, Document Automation, Technology in the Courts, Unbundling Legal Services, Free Legal Research (the handouts for this session, available on the course website, include a great legal research flow chart I hope to adopt for use in my Advanced Legal Research class), Contract Standardization, Online Legal Forms in Legal Aid, Unauthorized Practice of Law in the 21st Century, and Social Media and Lawyering.

I have already begun sharing insights gained from the course with my students, and I plan to introduce A2J (an automated system used by individuals who are representing themselves in legal actions) to our clinical faculty. Overall, the course was well executed and thought provoking.

As with any new venture, there are some kinks that need to be worked out if TDLP is offered again. It would have been nice to receive CLE credit for the course, but the sponsors had not arranged for that; had credit been offered, it might have been more of an incentive for participants to do the homework assignments. A lot of participants did not do the homework, which I can understand. Some of the homework assignments amounted to busy work, and some took a lot more time than I had to give them during a semester that has turned out to be very hectic. Another problem with the homework was that it required us in a few instances to submit information to a website that would create documents based on the information we provided. I found it difficult to fake it, and as a non-practicing attorney, I had no way of assessing for myself whether the documents that were generated were of good quality. Finally, it would have been nice to have had some contact with the other people taking the course, perhaps by doing homework assignments collaboratively, but this would probably have been difficult to coordinate.

I found TDLP to be extremely valuable, and I heartily recommend that OOTJ readers listen to the archived presentations.

FTC Works for Consumer Privacy Online

The New York Times reports today on a report, and a call from the FTC for new legislation from Congress, to rein in the huge industry that mines data collected from Internet consumers. The report, "Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change: Recommendations for Businesses and Policymakers," is the result of many comments from people in the privacy consultation business as well as comments from people in the business of selling the data mined from consumers.

The FTC is withstanding pressure from the folks who are making tons of money with your data and mine, to call upon Congress to pass a law, which would allow them to regulate the industry further. It may not be a simple matter of track or do not track... Consumers may simply want more transparency about what data is collected and how it's used. And they may want some say about what data they allow to be collected and how it will be used, not simply ban all collecting.

After all, most of us understand that the targeted advertising that powers "free" websites like Google, depend upon some level of consumer data. And everybody likes "free" searching!

Lexis Shoots Itself in the Foot

I learned yesterday that when students extend their Lexis accounts for the summer this year, they will only get access to Lexis Advance, not to lexis.com. If a student needs access to materials beyond what is available on Lexis Advance, e.g., international law, then we will need to contact our academic representatives to get the student access to lexis.com. If all or most lexis.com content had been migrated over to Lexis Advance, this decision might make sense, at least from the corporate point of view. I can understand Lexis wanting to push students over to the new platform, but I'm not sure this is the best way to do it. Not all content has been migrated, and this is going to create a serious disincentive to use Lexis Advance this summer. For instance, we have a Land Use Law Center here at Pace Law School that hires many student interns to work over the summer; municipal regulations on which they depend are not on Westlaw and they are not yet on Lexis Advance. I already mentioned international materials and municipal regulations, but Lexis Advance is also missing some news sources and secondary legal materials. I can't help but think that this is a wrongheaded decision that will ultimately push students to use WestlawNext. It's also going to create administrative headaches for the reps, who will have to intervene to get lexis.com access for those students who need it. This policy is almost as annoying as the decision to require a new password for Lexis Advance in the first place!

The End of the Print Britannica

The company that publishes the Encyclopaedia Britannica announced on Tuesday that it will no longer offer a print edition of its venerable flagship work, according to an article in the Boston Globe. The Britannica is bowing to reality. After 244 years of publishing a print edition, the encyclopedia is becoming a digital-only publication. The reason is simple: "'The sales of printed encyclopedias have been neglible for several years ... We knew this was going to come,'" says Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. President Jorge Cauz. I have mixed feelings about this announcement.

My father was a Britannica author (he wrote the articles on purpura and other hematological disorders), and this was a source of enormous family pride--it signified that he was the world's expert. The Britannica could have chosen any specialist to write these articles, but they chose my dad. The print edition, in its specially-designed wooden bookcase, occupied a prominent place in our house, and it played a prominent role in my and my sister's education. It was the first place we turned when we had to write reports or get some background information.

I often use Wikipedia for background information but I prefer to verify its accuracy before relying on it. I know that Wikipedia offers some of the same information as the Britannica, but I do worry about who is vetting it. As the Globe points out, "Britannica has thousands of expert contributors from around the world, including Nobel laureates and world leaders ... It also has a staff of more than 100 editors." Wikipedia can't compete with that. On the other hand, as a librarian, I think that reference sources work particularly well in a digital format because they can be updated continuously to avoid obsolescence, and also because they can be accessed on mobile devices, which is a tremendous convenience. In addition, reference works tend not to be read from beginning to end, and do not suffer when accessed in random order.

I hope the digital Britannica will thrive!

Here's Your Chance to Be Heard

As the new AALL Consumer Advocacy Caucus prepares to present its first recommendation to the AALL Executive Board at the upcoming annual conference, it is important to solicit input from AALL members about grievances we have against legal information vendors. Which practices hurt law libraries most? What is your most pressing concern? What is your most longstanding concern? Michael Ginsborg, Caucus Chair, is asking that comments be posted on the Caucus blog, or sent directly to him at michaelginsborg@yahoo.com. The Caucus will respect all requests for confidentiality by those who request it.

Movie Recommendation

Movies set in libraries are relatively rare, so it is a pleasure to recommend Quiet Please, Murder (1942) to all my librarian friends out there. We recorded it from the Fox Movie Channel. Its running length is only seventy minutes long, but the action never flags.

Starring the inimitable George Sanders as a murderous antiquarian book thief/forger and amateur psychologist who is in cahoots with glamorous, duplicitous Gail Patrick, turned out in impossibly high heels and ridiculous hats, the movie is set in the K Street branch of what must be the Washington, D.C. Public Library at the height of World War II. And what a library it is! It has an art department with a Picasso hanging on the wall and classical sculptures on display, a music department with beautiful instruments including a harp (which becomes a plot device), and a history department furnished with a lovely old Victorian settee along with some other choice pieces. Strangest of all, at least to librarians, the library has the most efficient shelvers anywhere, who whisk away books and reshelve them with the speed of light. Unfortunately, its security system and procedures for handling rare books are nothing to brag about, and this is what sets the plot in motion. Also not to be missed are the usually upstanding Sidney Blackmer as a ruthless Nazi agent, and a mute assassin who works for Blackmer. My favorite part of the movie was when a perky reference librarian painstakingly explains the Dewey Decimal System to the private investigator (Richard Denning); Denning eventually cracks the case with the aid of a call number.

This excerpt gives a taste of the movie, but here are some lines that I found particularly memorable. Some of them may even come in handy some day.

"Make him talk but don't finish him until we get the books."
"Say, I'm so scared, I have to get something to read."
"That little librarian, maybe she knows."
"Say, you've got a couple of books in here."
"We have two miles of books."
"I hate to disturb you, sister, but if you want books, this is the joint."
"A book never hurt anybody."
"Gee, how do you stand the quiet in here?"
"We've got to get the books and get out of here."

Finally, perhaps my favorite: "Each book has a number, just like the penitentiary."

Kudos to Fred Shapiro

Congratulations to my old friend and former colleague Fred Shapiro, Associate Librarian for Collections & Access at Yale Law Library, who is praised in an article in the February 12, 2012 issue of The Chronicle of Higher Education. (A subscription is required to access the article). Donald Altschiller, a librarian at Boston University, highlights several reference works and their authors in "In Praise of Reference-Book Authors."

As someone who has worked in academic law libraries since 1984, I had not encountered (or even thought about) most of the reference works Altschiller writes about since library school. He eulogizes Joseph Nathan Kane, author of Famous First Facts, who died in 2002. I had no idea that Kane hosted a radio program during the 1930s also called Famous First Facts and that he later wrote questions for the TV program The $64,000 Question. Kane wrote nearly fifty other reference works and did most of his work at the New York Public Library, "methodically combing library stacks and card catalogs to produce authoritative reference works." Norbert Pearlroth, author of the "Ripley's Believe It or Not" column, also worked at the New York Public Library, and is described by Altschiller as one of the most "indefatigable and meticulous researchers of factual information." The other reference-book luminaries that Altschiller includes are Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, Peter Mark Roget, Henry Campbell Black of Black's Law Dictionary fame, and the Reverend Ebenezer Cobham Brewer who compiled Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, a literally irreplaceable reference work in the pre-Internet era.

More modern compilers of reference works are not neglected in Altschiller's piece, including Fred Shapiro, who employs "both painstaking book research along with modern library technology to produce landmark quotation books. His Oxford Dictionary of American Legal Quotations ... [is] "the standard work for law quotations, and later his mammoth Yale Book of Quotations emerged as the pre-eminent general quotation reference work."

It was refreshing to read Altschiller's article and rediscover some favorite reference works and to be introduced to some new ones. At a time when Wikipedia is considered authoritative, many people seem not to recognize or value the meticulous, detail-oriented work that once went into creating high-quality reference works and that is a shame.